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- WORKERS SHAPE RETIREMENTS
- (A special Business/Savings series)
-
- 401-K PLANS GROWN IN POPULARITY
-
- By Bill Montague
-
- For millions of workers, the greatest financial revolution
- of the past decade wasn't on wall street. It happened in
- their own retirement plans.
-
- The big story: The tremendous growth in 401-K plans. The
- plans allow employees to save part of their pay each year,
- tax free, by contributing to various investment funds
- sponsored by their companies. Because employees choose
- where their money is invested, millions of workers have
- accepted the enormous responsibility of being their own
- pension fund managers.
-
- The number of employees eligible for a 401-K has risen to
- more than 40 million from 7 million in 1983. About 70
- percent of those workers actually participate., surveys
- show. Average yearly contribution: $2,000.
-
- That adds up. Total 401-K plan assets are near the $300
- billion mark, experts say. Employees now contribute more
- than $24 billion a year to their plans.
-
- This year, an employee can avoid taxes on as much as $8,475
- in 401-K contributions. That amount is indexed each year to
- keep up with inflation. Contributions and accumulated
- earnings are not taxed until they're withdrawn. That's a
- powerful reason to save.
-
- If you put $1,000 a year in a 401-K plan and earned 10
- percent on that money you'd have over $20,000 after 30
- years. If you put $1,000 in a taxable investment earning 10
- percent annually you would have only $114,000, assuming
- you're in the 28 percent tax bracket. True, you'd still
- have to pay tax on the 401-K money as you withdraw it, but
- as a retiree you'd be in a lower tax bracket.
-
- Another Plus: Most firms match 401-K contributions. For
- every dollar you invest, your employer might add 50 cents,
- for example.
-
- * Deductions for contributions aren't limited to low- and
- middle-income people and those without pension plans, as
- are deductions for individual retirement account
- contributions.
-
- * Employers handle the paperwork. Your contributions are
- deducted from your paycheck, making it easy to save.
-
- * Most companies allow you to borrow from your plan. You can
- also withdraw contributions without penalty if you have
- serious financial hardship, such as major medical bills.
-
- Most plans give employees a choice of investments, such as
- stock, bond and money market funds and the employer's stock.
-
- Especially popular: Guaranteed investment contracts,
- interest-bearing notes--similar to certificates of
- deposit--issued by insurers.
-
- TENDING A 401-K PORTFOLIO
-
- Where you invest your 401-K money can make a big difference.
- Here's how your savings might grow over the next 35 years
- if you put it in different funds, including money market
- fund, Treasury bond fund. The table assumes an initial
- contribution of $4,000, increasing 5% each year: $4,200 the
- second year, $4,410 the third, and so on. Totals are based
- on average returns over the past 15 years: money fund, 8.2%,
- bond, 10%; balanced, 13.1%; stock, 15.3%. Future returns
- may differ.
-
- Money Growth
- market Bond Balanced Stock
- fund fund fund fund
- In 10 years $77,303 $87,619 $100,409 $111,209
- In 15 years $160,441 $193,725 $238,260 $728,759
- In 20 years $296,557 $382,783 $508,038 $630,980
- In 25 years $514,863 $712,839 $1,026,194 $1,358,843
- In 30 years $859,724 $1,280,980 $2,009,385 $2,845,623
- In 35 years $1,398,277 $2,249,191 $3,860,572 $5,873,727
-
- SAVINGS PLAN OFFERS OPTIONS
-
- By Bill Montague
-
- A 401-K plan puts you in the driver's seat--you must decide
- how your retirement money is invested.
-
- That can be a challenge. Every plan is different. Yours
- might offer a dozen investment options, or just one. It
- might let you shift your money once a year, or once a day.
-
- But managing your 401-K isn't much different from planning
- your other financial moves.
-
- Like all investing, managing your 401-K is a matter of
- balancing your goals and tolerance for risk, on the one
- hand, and your investment options, on the other.
-
- Here are some key points to help you choose the best
- investments for 401-K:
- Set a strategy: "Ask yourself: What rate or return do I need
- to get where I want to go? How much risk do I have to take
- to get that return?" says Maynard Engel, Shearson Lehman
- Bros. financial consultant.
-
- A key mistake many employees make, particularly younger
- ones, is they don't take enough risk--even though they have
- more than enough time before retirement to ride out
- volatility in the stock market. They put all of their money
- in guaranteed investment contracts or other interest-paying
- investments. That can backfire: inflation might eat most of
- your earnings.
-
- Also, 401-Ks are an ideal way to invest in the stock market.
- Because you buy on a regular schedule, you eliminate the
- emotional trap of waiting until the stock market is soaring
- before you take the plunge.
-
- One mistake some 401-K savers make is to invest only in
- money market funds because they think they are already
- getting a huge return from their employer's matching
- contributions. If the company matches, say, 50 percent for
- every dollar they save, they think:
- "Hey, why should I take a risk when I'm already getting a 50
- percent return on my money?"
-
- Think long term: Look at how much different investments are
- likely to earn over the next 20 to 30 years. Historically,
- stocks have out-paced interest-paying assets.
-
- A popular choice: Growth stock funds, which buy stocks
- expected to enjoy above average earnings growth. Aggressive
- growth funds often invest in small companies that may even
- grow faster.
-
- Spread your bets: Stocks are proven winners but it's still
- wise to diversify. A balanced 401-K plan should mix stock
- funds and interest-paying investments.
-
- What's the right mix? There is no easy answer. A typical
- pattern: If you're young, keep 60 percent to 70 percent of
- your money in stocks and the rest in interest-paying
- investments.
-
- Avoid the temptation to second-guess the market by switching
- money in and out of stock funds when you think the time is
- right. Even the pros fail at that. Most of the best
- professional stock fund managers keep their funds fully
- invested in stocks at all times.
-
- If you're lucky enough to have a 401-K that offers a wide
- menu of choices through a mutual fund family, avoid
- switching frequently to the fund that happens to have the
- best performance.
-
- Coordinate: What do you do with your 401-K should also fit
- with how you're investing your other money.
-
- If you already have a lot of stack holdings, a 401-K can be
- the ideal place to keep investments that generate lots of
- income. Let your interest-earning and high dividend-paying
- investments grow inside your 401-K--tax deferred.
-
- Let your price-appreciation stocks grow outside, because
- that growth isn't taxed until you cash them. Also, you can
- claim tax deductions for loses on stocks outside a 401-K.
- You get get no tax breaks for losses on investments held
- inside them.
-
- GUARANTEED CONTRACTS NOT GUARANTEED
-
- Gannett News Service
-
- For years, millions of employees have stashed their 401-K
- money in guaranteed investment contracts, unwilling to risk
- the stock and bond markets.
-
- Now, thousands of workers have been ambushed by those same
- risks. Their 401-K plans bought GICs issued by First
- Executive Corp., which invested the money in junk bonds.
- Slammed by heavy losses on those bonds. First Executive's
- two insurance subsidiaries were seized by state officials in
- April. Regulators have frozen more than $3 billion in GiCs
- sold by the two firms.
-
- It's a rude awakening for 401-K investors: about 60 percent
- of all plan contributions or roughly $160 billion, are in
- GICs.
-
- GICs are like certificates of deposit: The buyer earns a
- fixed interest rate, usually for three to five years.
- Yields can be attractive: The typical five-year GIC now pays
- 8.37 percent vs. 7.22 percent for the average five-year bank
- CD.
-
- Many investors take the "G" in GIC at face value, says
- financial consultant Maynard Engel of Shearson Lehman Bros.
- They think GICs are federally guaranteed. That's true of a
- similar instrument called a bank investment contract.
- They're covered by federal insurance, up to $100,000 per
- 401-K investor.
-
- But GICs are only as safe as the companies that issue them.
-
- While most insurers are sound, some have heavy holdings of
- such troubled investments as junk bonds and commercial
- mortgages.
-
- Some GICs may be backed by a state insurance guaranty plan.
- But that protection varies widely.
-
- In many states, it's not clear if GICs are covered at all.
-
- Best advice: Before investing your 401-K dollars in a GIC
- fund, see if your company has checked the financial health
- of the insurer backing the contracts.
-
- A good fund should also invest in GICs issued by several
- insurers.
-
- -- END OF ARTICLE --
-