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JCSM Shareware Collection 1993 November
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JCSM Shareware Collection - 1993-11.iso
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BUSINESS.ART
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1993-02-09
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WORKERS SHAPE RETIREMENTS
(A special Business/Savings series)
401-K PLANS GROWN IN POPULARITY
By Bill Montague
For millions of workers, the greatest financial revolution
of the past decade wasn't on wall street. It happened in
their own retirement plans.
The big story: The tremendous growth in 401-K plans. The
plans allow employees to save part of their pay each year,
tax free, by contributing to various investment funds
sponsored by their companies. Because employees choose
where their money is invested, millions of workers have
accepted the enormous responsibility of being their own
pension fund managers.
The number of employees eligible for a 401-K has risen to
more than 40 million from 7 million in 1983. About 70
percent of those workers actually participate., surveys
show. Average yearly contribution: $2,000.
That adds up. Total 401-K plan assets are near the $300
billion mark, experts say. Employees now contribute more
than $24 billion a year to their plans.
This year, an employee can avoid taxes on as much as $8,475
in 401-K contributions. That amount is indexed each year to
keep up with inflation. Contributions and accumulated
earnings are not taxed until they're withdrawn. That's a
powerful reason to save.
If you put $1,000 a year in a 401-K plan and earned 10
percent on that money you'd have over $20,000 after 30
years. If you put $1,000 in a taxable investment earning 10
percent annually you would have only $114,000, assuming
you're in the 28 percent tax bracket. True, you'd still
have to pay tax on the 401-K money as you withdraw it, but
as a retiree you'd be in a lower tax bracket.
Another Plus: Most firms match 401-K contributions. For
every dollar you invest, your employer might add 50 cents,
for example.
* Deductions for contributions aren't limited to low- and
middle-income people and those without pension plans, as
are deductions for individual retirement account
contributions.
* Employers handle the paperwork. Your contributions are
deducted from your paycheck, making it easy to save.
* Most companies allow you to borrow from your plan. You can
also withdraw contributions without penalty if you have
serious financial hardship, such as major medical bills.
Most plans give employees a choice of investments, such as
stock, bond and money market funds and the employer's stock.
Especially popular: Guaranteed investment contracts,
interest-bearing notes--similar to certificates of
deposit--issued by insurers.
TENDING A 401-K PORTFOLIO
Where you invest your 401-K money can make a big difference.
Here's how your savings might grow over the next 35 years
if you put it in different funds, including money market
fund, Treasury bond fund. The table assumes an initial
contribution of $4,000, increasing 5% each year: $4,200 the
second year, $4,410 the third, and so on. Totals are based
on average returns over the past 15 years: money fund, 8.2%,
bond, 10%; balanced, 13.1%; stock, 15.3%. Future returns
may differ.
Money Growth
market Bond Balanced Stock
fund fund fund fund
In 10 years $77,303 $87,619 $100,409 $111,209
In 15 years $160,441 $193,725 $238,260 $728,759
In 20 years $296,557 $382,783 $508,038 $630,980
In 25 years $514,863 $712,839 $1,026,194 $1,358,843
In 30 years $859,724 $1,280,980 $2,009,385 $2,845,623
In 35 years $1,398,277 $2,249,191 $3,860,572 $5,873,727
SAVINGS PLAN OFFERS OPTIONS
By Bill Montague
A 401-K plan puts you in the driver's seat--you must decide
how your retirement money is invested.
That can be a challenge. Every plan is different. Yours
might offer a dozen investment options, or just one. It
might let you shift your money once a year, or once a day.
But managing your 401-K isn't much different from planning
your other financial moves.
Like all investing, managing your 401-K is a matter of
balancing your goals and tolerance for risk, on the one
hand, and your investment options, on the other.
Here are some key points to help you choose the best
investments for 401-K:
Set a strategy: "Ask yourself: What rate or return do I need
to get where I want to go? How much risk do I have to take
to get that return?" says Maynard Engel, Shearson Lehman
Bros. financial consultant.
A key mistake many employees make, particularly younger
ones, is they don't take enough risk--even though they have
more than enough time before retirement to ride out
volatility in the stock market. They put all of their money
in guaranteed investment contracts or other interest-paying
investments. That can backfire: inflation might eat most of
your earnings.
Also, 401-Ks are an ideal way to invest in the stock market.
Because you buy on a regular schedule, you eliminate the
emotional trap of waiting until the stock market is soaring
before you take the plunge.
One mistake some 401-K savers make is to invest only in
money market funds because they think they are already
getting a huge return from their employer's matching
contributions. If the company matches, say, 50 percent for
every dollar they save, they think:
"Hey, why should I take a risk when I'm already getting a 50
percent return on my money?"
Think long term: Look at how much different investments are
likely to earn over the next 20 to 30 years. Historically,
stocks have out-paced interest-paying assets.
A popular choice: Growth stock funds, which buy stocks
expected to enjoy above average earnings growth. Aggressive
growth funds often invest in small companies that may even
grow faster.
Spread your bets: Stocks are proven winners but it's still
wise to diversify. A balanced 401-K plan should mix stock
funds and interest-paying investments.
What's the right mix? There is no easy answer. A typical
pattern: If you're young, keep 60 percent to 70 percent of
your money in stocks and the rest in interest-paying
investments.
Avoid the temptation to second-guess the market by switching
money in and out of stock funds when you think the time is
right. Even the pros fail at that. Most of the best
professional stock fund managers keep their funds fully
invested in stocks at all times.
If you're lucky enough to have a 401-K that offers a wide
menu of choices through a mutual fund family, avoid
switching frequently to the fund that happens to have the
best performance.
Coordinate: What do you do with your 401-K should also fit
with how you're investing your other money.
If you already have a lot of stack holdings, a 401-K can be
the ideal place to keep investments that generate lots of
income. Let your interest-earning and high dividend-paying
investments grow inside your 401-K--tax deferred.
Let your price-appreciation stocks grow outside, because
that growth isn't taxed until you cash them. Also, you can
claim tax deductions for loses on stocks outside a 401-K.
You get get no tax breaks for losses on investments held
inside them.
GUARANTEED CONTRACTS NOT GUARANTEED
Gannett News Service
For years, millions of employees have stashed their 401-K
money in guaranteed investment contracts, unwilling to risk
the stock and bond markets.
Now, thousands of workers have been ambushed by those same
risks. Their 401-K plans bought GICs issued by First
Executive Corp., which invested the money in junk bonds.
Slammed by heavy losses on those bonds. First Executive's
two insurance subsidiaries were seized by state officials in
April. Regulators have frozen more than $3 billion in GiCs
sold by the two firms.
It's a rude awakening for 401-K investors: about 60 percent
of all plan contributions or roughly $160 billion, are in
GICs.
GICs are like certificates of deposit: The buyer earns a
fixed interest rate, usually for three to five years.
Yields can be attractive: The typical five-year GIC now pays
8.37 percent vs. 7.22 percent for the average five-year bank
CD.
Many investors take the "G" in GIC at face value, says
financial consultant Maynard Engel of Shearson Lehman Bros.
They think GICs are federally guaranteed. That's true of a
similar instrument called a bank investment contract.
They're covered by federal insurance, up to $100,000 per
401-K investor.
But GICs are only as safe as the companies that issue them.
While most insurers are sound, some have heavy holdings of
such troubled investments as junk bonds and commercial
mortgages.
Some GICs may be backed by a state insurance guaranty plan.
But that protection varies widely.
In many states, it's not clear if GICs are covered at all.
Best advice: Before investing your 401-K dollars in a GIC
fund, see if your company has checked the financial health
of the insurer backing the contracts.
A good fund should also invest in GICs issued by several
insurers.
-- END OF ARTICLE --